JVM 与运行机制
一、JVM、JDK、JRE 的关系
1.1 三者关系图
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1.2 各组件详解
JVM（Java Virtual Machine）
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JVM 的多语言支持：
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JVM 的多种实现：
| JVM 实现 | 开发商 | 特点 |
|---|---|---|
| HotSpot | Oracle/OpenJDK | 最主流，默认 JVM |
| OpenJ9 | IBM/Eclipse | 低内存占用，快速启动 |
| GraalVM | Oracle | 支持多语言，AOT 编译 |
| Azul Zing | Azul | 超低延迟 GC |
| Dragonwell | Alibaba | 针对电商场景优化 |
JRE（Java Runtime Environment）
// JRE 核心类库示例
// java.lang - 自动导入，无需 import
String str = "Hello"; // java.lang.String
Integer num = 100; // java.lang.Integer
Thread thread = new Thread(); // java.lang.Thread
// java.util - 集合框架
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
// java.io - 输入输出
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
File file = new File("test.txt");
// java.net - 网络编程
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
URL url = new URL("https://example.com");
JDK（Java Development Kit）
# JDK 目录结构 (JDK 11+)
jdk-17/
├── bin/ # 开发工具
│ ├── java # 运行 Java 程序
│ ├── javac # 编译器
│ ├── javadoc # 文档生成
│ ├── jdb # 调试器
│ ├── jar # 打包工具
│ ├── jlink # 自定义运行时镜像
│ ├── jshell # 交互式 REPL (JDK 9+)
│ ├── jconsole # 监控工具
│ ├── jvisualvm # 可视化监控 (需单独下载)
│ └── ...
├── conf/ # 配置文件
├── include/ # C/C++ 头文件 (JNI)
├── jmods/ # 模块文件 (JDK 9+)
├── lib/ # 核心类库
│ ├── modules # 模块化类库
│ └── src.zip # 源码
└── legal/ # 许可证文件
# 常用 JDK 工具命令
# 编译 Java 文件
javac HelloWorld.java
# 运行 Java 程序
java HelloWorld
# 查看字节码
javap -c HelloWorld.class
# 生成文档
javadoc -d docs *.java
# 打包 JAR
jar cvf app.jar *.class
# 交互式 Shell (JDK 9+)
jshell
# 创建自定义运行时 (JDK 9+)
jlink --module-path $JAVA_HOME/jmods \
--add-modules java.base \
--output custom-runtime
1.3 重要变化
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// JDK 9+ 模块化示例
// module-info.java
module com.myapp {
requires java.base; // 基础模块（默认）
requires java.sql; // 数据库模块
requires java.logging; // 日志模块
exports com.myapp.api; // 导出包供其他模块使用
}
二、字节码详解
2.1 什么是字节码
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</mxCell>
</root>
</mxGraphModel>
</diagram>
</mxfile>
2.2 字节码文件结构
<mxfile>
<diagram id="class-file-structure" name=".class 文件结构">
<mxGraphModel dx="1281" dy="581" grid="1" gridSize="10" guides="1" tooltips="1" connect="1" arrows="1" fold="1" page="1" pageScale="1" pageWidth="900" pageHeight="750" math="0" shadow="0">
<root>
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<mxCell id="5" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#fef3c7;strokeColor=#f59e0b;strokeWidth=2;" value="" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="6" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#f59e0b;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=16;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#ffffff;rounded=1;" value="魔数 (Magic Number)" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="7" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#ffffff;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#b45309;rounded=1;" value="4 字节" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="9" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontColor=#92400e;" value="← 标识这是一个 Java class 文件" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="10" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=20;" value="☕" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="13" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#ffffff;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#1d4ed8;rounded=1;" value="2+2 字节" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="14" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontColor=#1e40af;" value="次版本号 + 主版本号" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="15" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#bfdbfe;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=12;fontColor=#1e40af;rounded=1;" value="52 = JDK 8" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="16" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#bfdbfe;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=12;fontColor=#1e40af;rounded=1;" value="55 = JDK 11" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="17" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#bfdbfe;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=12;fontColor=#1e40af;rounded=1;" value="61 = JDK 17" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="18" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=18;" value="🔢" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="19" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#dcfce7;strokeColor=#22c55e;strokeWidth=2;" value="" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="20" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#22c55e;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=16;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#ffffff;rounded=1;" value="常量池 (Constant Pool)" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="21" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=14;fontColor=#166534;" value="存储字面量、符号引用（类名、方法名、字段名等）" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="25" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=14;fontColor=#be185d;" value="表示类/接口的访问权限和属性" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="26" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#fbcfe8;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=11;fontColor=#be185d;rounded=1;fontFamily=Courier New;" value="public" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="28" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#fbcfe8;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=11;fontColor=#be185d;rounded=1;fontFamily=Courier New;" value="abstract" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="29" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=18;" value="🔐" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="30" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#e0e7ff;strokeColor=#6366f1;strokeWidth=2;" value="" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="31" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#6366f1;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=16;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#ffffff;rounded=1;" value="类索引、父类索引、接口索引" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="32" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=14;fontColor=#4338ca;" value="确定类的继承关系" vertex="1">
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<mxCell id="33" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=18;" value="🔗" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="34" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#fef9c3;strokeColor=#eab308;strokeWidth=2;" value="" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="35" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#eab308;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=16;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#ffffff;rounded=1;" value="字段表 (Fields)" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="36" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=14;fontColor=#a16207;" value="类中定义的成员变量" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="37" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=18;" value="📋" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="40" width="40" x="760" y="515" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="38" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#d1fae5;strokeColor=#10b981;strokeWidth=2;" value="" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="39" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#10b981;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=16;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#ffffff;rounded=1;" value="方法表 (Methods)" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="40" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=14;fontColor=#059669;" value="类中定义的方法，包含字节码指令" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="41" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=18;" value="⚙️" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="40" width="40" x="760" y="590" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="42" parent="1" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#f3e8ff;strokeColor=#a855f7;strokeWidth=2;" value="" vertex="1">
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</mxCell>
<mxCell id="45" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=18;" value="📎" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry height="40" width="40" x="760" y="660" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
</root>
</mxGraphModel>
</diagram>
</mxfile>
2.3 字节码实战分析
// 源代码: HelloWorld.java
public class HelloWorld {
private int count = 0;
public int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
HelloWorld hw = new HelloWorld();
int result = hw.add(1, 2);
System.out.println(result);
}
}
javap反编译：
# 编译
javac HelloWorld.java
# 反编译查看字节码
javap -v -p HelloWorld.class
字节码输出分析：
Classfile /path/to/HelloWorld.class
Last modified 2024-1-1; size 537 bytes
SHA-256 checksum abc123...
Compiled from "HelloWorld.java"
// ==================== 类信息 ====================
public class HelloWorld
minor version: 0
major version: 61 // JDK 17
flags: (0x0021) ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
this_class: #8 // HelloWorld
super_class: #2 // java/lang/Object
interfaces: 0, fields: 1, methods: 3, attributes: 1
// ==================== 常量池 ====================
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #2.#3 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = Class #4 // java/lang/Object
#3 = NameAndType #5:#6 // "<init>":()V
#4 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#5 = Utf8 <init>
#6 = Utf8 ()V
#7 = Fieldref #8.#9 // HelloWorld.count:I
#8 = Class #10 // HelloWorld
...
// ==================== 字段定义 ====================
private int count;
descriptor: I // I 表示 int 类型
flags: (0x0002) ACC_PRIVATE
// ==================== 方法: add ====================
public int add(int, int);
descriptor: (II)I // 参数: 2个int, 返回: int
flags: (0x0001) ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=3, args_size=3 // 操作数栈深度=2, 局部变量=3
0: iload_1 // 将第1个int参数压入操作数栈
1: iload_2 // 将第2个int参数压入操作数栈
2: iadd // 弹出两个int相加，结果压栈
3: ireturn // 返回栈顶int值
LineNumberTable:
line 5: 0 // 源代码第5行对应字节码偏移0
// ==================== 方法: main ====================
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: (0x0009) ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=3, locals=3, args_size=1
0: new #8 // 创建 HelloWorld 对象
3: dup // 复制栈顶引用
4: invokespecial #1 // 调用构造方法 <init>
7: astore_1 // 存储到局部变量1
8: aload_1 // 加载局部变量1
9: iconst_1 // 常量1压栈
10: iconst_2 // 常量2压栈
11: invokevirtual #11 // 调用 add 方法
14: istore_2 // 存储结果到局部变量2
15: getstatic #12 // 获取 System.out
18: iload_2 // 加载结果
19: invokevirtual #18 // 调用 println
22: return // 返回
2.4 常见字节码指令
<mxfile>
<diagram id="bytecode-instructions" name="常见字节码指令分类">
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</mxCell>
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三、编译与解释并存
3.1 编程语言执行方式分类
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3.3 为什么说 Java 是"编译与解释并存"
// 一段 Java 代码的执行过程
public class Demo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 循环执行 10000 次
for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
calculate(i);
}
}
public static int calculate(int n) {
return n * n + n;
}
}
执行过程：
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结论：
| 阶段 | 方式 | 语言特征 |
|---|---|---|
| .java → .class | 编译 | 编译型 |
| 字节码 → 解释执行 | 解释 | 解释型 |
| 热点代码 → 机器码 | 编译 | 编译型 |
四、JIT 即时编译器
4.1 JIT 工作原理
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4.2 热点探测机制
// 热点探测示例
public class HotSpotDemo {
private static int counter = 0;
// 这个方法会被识别为"热点方法"
public static int hotMethod(int n) {
return n * n;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 大量调用，触发 JIT 编译
for (int i = 0; i < 100_000; i++) {
hotMethod(i);
}
// 此时 hotMethod 已被 JIT 编译为机器码
// 后续调用将直接执行机器码
long start = System.nanoTime();
for (int i = 0; i < 100_000; i++) {
hotMethod(i);
}
long end = System.nanoTime();
System.out.println("执行时间: " + (end - start) + " ns");
}
}
热点探测方式：
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4.3 JIT 优化技术
方法内联 (Method Inlining)
// 优化前
public int calculate(int x) {
return square(x) + cube(x);
}
private int square(int n) { return n * n; }
private int cube(int n) { return n * n * n; }
// JIT 优化后 (方法内联)
public int calculate(int x) {
return (x * x) + (x * x * x); // 直接展开，消除方法调用开销
}
逃逸分析 (Escape Analysis)
// 逃逸分析示例
public class EscapeAnalysisDemo {
public int calculate() {
// point 对象未逃逸出方法
Point point = new Point(1, 2);
return point.x + point.y;
}
private class Point {
int x, y;
Point(int x, int y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; }
}
}
// JIT 优化后 (标量替换)
public int calculate() {
// 对象被拆解为标量，直接在栈上分配
int x = 1;
int y = 2;
return x + y; // 可能进一步优化为 return 3;
}
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循环优化
// 循环展开 (Loop Unrolling)
// 优化前
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
arr[i] = i * 2;
}
// JIT 优化后
arr[0] = 0;
arr[1] = 2;
arr[2] = 4;
arr[3] = 6;
// 循环剥离 (Loop Peeling)
// 优化前
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (i == 0) {
init();
}
process(i);
}
// JIT 优化后
init();
process(0);
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
process(i); // 循环内不再有条件判断
}
4.4 JIT 相关 JVM 参数
# 查看 JIT 编译过程
java -XX:+PrintCompilation Demo
# 输出示例:
# 时间戳 编译ID 属性 层级 方法名
176 1 n 0 java.lang.Object::<init> (1 bytes)
178 2 n 0 java.lang.String::hashCode (55 bytes)
180 3 b 3 Demo::hotMethod (6 bytes)
# 属性含义:
# n = native 方法
# s = synchronized 方法
# b = 阻塞编译
# ! = 有异常处理
# % = OSR 编译
# 常用 JIT 参数
-XX:+TieredCompilation # 启用分层编译（默认开启）
-XX:CompileThreshold=10000 # 编译阈值
-XX:+PrintCompilation # 打印编译信息
-XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions # 解锁诊断选项
-XX:+PrintInlining # 打印内联信息
-XX:+PrintAssembly # 打印汇编代码（需要 hsdis 插件）
五、AOT 提前编译
5.1 AOT 概述
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5.2 JIT vs AOT 详细对比
| 指标 | JIT 即时编译 | AOT 提前编译 |
|---|---|---|
| 编译时机 | 运行时 | 构建时 |
| 启动速度 | 慢（需预热） | 快 |
| 峰值性能 | 高（可做运行时优化） | 中等 |
| 内存占用 | 较大 | 较小 |
| 打包体积 | 较大 | 较小 |
| 动态特性 | 完全支持 | 受限 |
| 适用场景 | 长时间运行的服务 | 云原生/Serverless |
5.3 为什么不全用 AOT？
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<mxCell id="35" parent="1" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#fef9c3;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=12;fontColor=#713f12;rounded=1;" value="懒加载" vertex="1">
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// 反射示例 - AOT 需要额外配置
public class ReflectionDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// 运行时动态加载类 - AOT 无法预知
Class<?> clazz = Class.forName("com.example.User");
Object obj = clazz.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance();
// 动态调用方法
Method method = clazz.getMethod("getName");
String name = (String) method.invoke(obj);
}
}
// 使用 GraalVM Native Image 需要提供反射配置文件
// reflect-config.json
[
{
"name": "com.example.User",
"allDeclaredConstructors": true,
"allPublicMethods": true
}
]
5.4 GraalVM 与 Native Image
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Native Image 构建示例：
# 安装 GraalVM 和 Native Image
sdk install java 21-graalce
gu install native-image
# 编译 Java 代码为原生可执行文件
native-image -jar myapp.jar myapp
# 运行原生镜像
./myapp
# 对比启动时间
# JVM 模式: java -jar myapp.jar → 约 1-3 秒
# Native 模式: ./myapp → 约 10-50 毫秒
Spring Boot 3 Native 支持：
<!-- pom.xml -->
<plugin>
<groupId>org.graalvm.buildtools</groupId>
<artifactId>native-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
# 构建 Spring Boot Native 镜像
mvn -Pnative native:compile
# 或使用 Buildpacks
mvn spring-boot:build-image -Pnative
5.5 AOT 适用场景
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<mxCell id="50" value="✓" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#22c55e;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=14;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#ffffff;rounded=1;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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六、Oracle JDK 与 OpenJDK
6.1 发展历史
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<diagram id="jdk-history-timeline" name="JDK 发展历史线">
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<mxCell id="9" value="☕ Sun 公司发布 Java" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=16;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#dc2626;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="10" value="2006" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#f59e0b;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=18;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#ffffff;rounded=1;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="13" value="🔓 Sun 开源 Java，创建 OpenJDK 项目" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=16;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#b45309;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="14" value="• 基于 GPL v2 + Classpath Exception 协议" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontColor=#92400e;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="15" value="• 社区驱动开发" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontColor=#92400e;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="16" value="2009" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#8b5cf6;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=18;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#ffffff;rounded=1;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="50" y="315" width="70" height="35" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="17" value="" style="ellipse;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#0ea5e9;strokeColor=#0284c7;strokeWidth=2;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="18" value="" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#f3e8ff;strokeColor=#8b5cf6;strokeWidth=2;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="160" y="290" width="690" height="110" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="19" value="🏢 Oracle 收购 Sun" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=16;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#7c3aed;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="20" value="• 获得 Java 商标和技术" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontColor=#6b21a8;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="21" value="• 继续维护 OpenJDK" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontColor=#6b21a8;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="190" y="348" width="200" height="22" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="22" value="• 推出商业版 Oracle JDK" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontColor=#6b21a8;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="23" value="2017" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#22c55e;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=18;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#ffffff;rounded=1;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="24" value="" style="ellipse;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#0ea5e9;strokeColor=#0284c7;strokeWidth=2;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="25" value="" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#dcfce7;strokeColor=#22c55e;strokeWidth=2;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="160" y="425" width="690" height="55" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="26" value="🔄 Java 9 发布，开启 6 个月发布周期" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=16;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#16a34a;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="27" value="2018" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#ef4444;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=18;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#ffffff;rounded=1;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="28" value="" style="ellipse;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#0ea5e9;strokeColor=#0284c7;strokeWidth=2;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="110" y="542" width="20" height="20" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="29" value="" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#fef2f2;strokeColor=#ef4444;strokeWidth=2;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="30" value="⚠️ Oracle JDK 许可证变更" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=16;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#dc2626;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="31" value="• JDK 11+ 商业使用需付费" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontColor=#b91c1c;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="32" value="• 将 Oracle JDK 独有功能开源给 OpenJDK" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontColor=#b91c1c;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="190" y="568" width="320" height="22" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="33" value="2019" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#3b82f6;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=18;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#ffffff;rounded=1;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="34" value="" style="ellipse;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#0ea5e9;strokeColor=#0284c7;strokeWidth=2;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="35" value="" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#dbeafe;strokeColor=#3b82f6;strokeWidth=2;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="160" y="625" width="690" height="90" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="36" value="🔀 功能基本一致" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=16;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#2563eb;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="180" y="633" width="200" height="28" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="37" value="• JFR (Java Flight Recorder) 开源" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontColor=#1d4ed8;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="190" y="661" width="280" height="22" as="geometry" />
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="38" value="• JMC (Java Mission Control) 开源" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontColor=#1d4ed8;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="190" y="683" width="280" height="22" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="39" value="2021" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=#10b981;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=18;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#ffffff;rounded=1;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="40" value="" style="ellipse;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#0ea5e9;strokeColor=#0284c7;strokeWidth=2;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="41" value="" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#d1fae5;strokeColor=#10b981;strokeWidth=2;" vertex="1" parent="1">
<mxGeometry x="160" y="745" width="690" height="110" as="geometry" />
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<mxCell id="42" value="🎉 Oracle JDK 17 免费许可" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=16;fontStyle=1;fontColor=#059669;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="43" value="• NFTC 协议：允许免费商业使用" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontColor=#047857;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="44" value="• 但仅限该版本发布后的 3 年内" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=left;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=13;fontColor=#047857;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="45" value="⏰" style="text;html=1;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;align=center;verticalAlign=middle;fontSize=16;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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6.2 主要区别对比
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<mxCell id="3" value="对比项" style="rounded=0;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#2D4059;strokeColor=#1a1a1a;fontColor=#ffffff;fontStyle=1;fontSize=14;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="7" value="BCL/OTN/NFTC<br><font style="font-size: 11px;">(部分闭源)</font>" style="rounded=0;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#FDEBD0;strokeColor=#1a1a1a;fontColor=#1a1a1a;fontSize=12;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="8" value="GPL v2 + CE<br><font style="font-size: 11px;">(完全开源)</font>" style="rounded=0;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#D5F5E3;strokeColor=#1a1a1a;fontColor=#1a1a1a;fontSize=12;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="9" value="商业使用费用" style="rounded=0;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#E8E8E8;strokeColor=#1a1a1a;fontColor=#1a1a1a;fontStyle=1;fontSize=12;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="11" value="完全免费" style="rounded=0;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#D5F5E3;strokeColor=#1a1a1a;fontColor=#1a1a1a;fontSize=12;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="12" value="LTS 支持周期" style="rounded=0;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#E8E8E8;strokeColor=#1a1a1a;fontColor=#1a1a1a;fontStyle=1;fontSize=12;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="14" value="无官方 LTS<br><font style="font-size: 11px;">(第三方提供)</font>" style="rounded=0;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#D5F5E3;strokeColor=#1a1a1a;fontColor=#1a1a1a;fontSize=12;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="15" value="功能特性" style="rounded=0;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#E8E8E8;strokeColor=#1a1a1a;fontColor=#1a1a1a;fontStyle=1;fontSize=12;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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<mxCell id="16" value="JDK 11 后基本一致<br><font style="font-size: 11px;">(早期有独占功能)</font>" style="rounded=0;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#FDEBD0;strokeColor=#1a1a1a;fontColor=#1a1a1a;fontSize=12;verticalAlign=middle;" vertex="1" parent="1">
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6.3 JDK 发行版生态
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6.4 如何选择 JDK
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七、总结
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